Global commerce is increasingly exposed to geopolitical shocks, transport disruptions and energy-market volatility. For India and other large emerging economies, resilience affects manufacturing, food, energy, electronics and exports. Supply-chain cooperation has therefore become a practical economic priority.

Some of the most important BRICS cooperation is happening outside headline diplomacy. India has promoted cooperation around startups, science, research, incubators and innovation, with the aim of connecting talent, capital and markets across emerging economies.