Rivers shape India's agriculture, settlements, ecosystems and history. This guide explains the broad differences between Himalayan and Peninsular river systems and why conservation is essential. Why rivers matterRivers provide water for households, agriculture and industry, support ecosystems and influence settlement. River valleys have also been important corridors for trade, farming and cultural development. Himalayan riversMajor Himalayan rivers are fed by combinations of

India contains forests, wetlands, grasslands, deserts, mountains, mangroves, coasts and islands. This ecological variety supports wildlife and human livelihoods but faces multiple pressures. A diverse natural landscapeDifferences in altitude, rainfall, temperature and geology create many ecosystems across India. These habitats support distinct plant and animal communities and provide resources and services for people. Why biodiversity mattersBiodiversity supports pollination,